Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome includes a wide range of malformations with varying degrees of development of the structures of the
left heart and aorta. Therefore, the degree of hypoplasia of the left heart structures at various critical congenital heart defects in the
neonatal period is decisive in the choice of surgical treatment. This report is intended to help lay down parameters of the left ventricle, mitral and/or aortic valves, as well as the ascending aorta size, that allow execution of the biventricular repair. To make a decision if it's possible to execute the biventricular correction of congenital heart defects with hypoplasia of the left heart structures it's
necessary to estimate hemodynamic, morphometric and other parameters. The result of this study is the concept of presence of the
necessary physiological and anatomical factors and their valid parameter values that allow execution of the biventricular repair of the
congenital heart defect of the neonatal patients.
References
- Noonan J.A., Nadas A.S. The hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
An analysis of 101 cases. Pediatr. Clin. North. Am.
1958; 5: 1029-56.
- Kirklin J.W., Barratt-Boyes B.G. Coarctation of the aorta and
interrupted aortic arch. In: Kirklin J.W., Barratt-Boyes B.G.
(eds). Cardiac Surgery. Churchill Livingstone, New York;
1993: 1269-70.
- Tchervenkov C.I., Tahta S.A., Jutras L.C., Beland M.J.
Biventricular repair in neonates with hypoplastic left heart
complex. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1998; 66: 1350-7.
- Tchervenkov C.I. Two-ventricle repair for Hypoplastic left heart
syndrome. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. Pediatr. Card.
Annual. 2001; 4: 83-93.
- Tchervenkov C.I. Indications, criterions, and principles for
biventricular repair. Cardiol. Young. 2004; 14 (Suppl. 1):
97-100.
- Qureshi M.Y., Burkhart H.M., Hagler D.J. Biventricular repair
after stage 11 univentricular surgery: palliation is not a one-way
path. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2013; 96 (5): 119-20.
- NurozlerF., Bradley S.M. Considerations in biventricular repair
after the Norwood procedure. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
2000; 18: 540-4.
- Emani S.M., McElhinney D.B., Tworetzky W. et al. Staged left
ventricular recruitment after single-ventricle palliation in
patients with borderline left heart hypoplasia. J. Am. Coll.
Cardiol. 2012; 60: 1966-74.
- Nathan M., Rimmer D., Pedro J. del Nido, Mayer J.E.,
Bacha E.A. et al. Aortic atresia or severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with ventricular septal defect: results of
primary biventricular repair in neonates. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
2006; 82: 2227-32.
- Canter C.E., Shaddy R.E., Bernstein D., Hsu D.T.,
Chrisant M.R., Kirklin J.K. et al. Indications for heart transplantation in pediatric heart disease: a scientific statement
from the American Heart Association Council on
Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; the Councils on Clinical
Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, and Cardiovascular
Surgery and Anesthesia; and the Quality of Care and
Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group.
Circulation. 2007; 115: 658-76.
- Davies R.R., Pizarro C. Decision making for surgery in the
management of patients with univentricular heart. Front.
Pediatr. 2015; 3: 61-80.
- Norwood W.I., Stellin G.J. Aortic atresia with interrupted aortic arch: reparative operation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
1981; 81: 239-44.
- Yasui H., Kado H., Nakano E. et al. Primary repair of interrupted aortic arch and severe aortic stenosis in neonates.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1987; 93: 539-45.
- Kanter K.R., Kirshbom P.M., Kogon B.E. Biventricular repair
with the Yasui operation (Norwood/Rastelli) for systemic outflow
tract obstruction with two adequate ventricles. Ann.
Thorac. Surg. 2012; 93: 1999-2006.
- Uemura H., Adachi I., Kagisaki K., Shikata F., Yagihara T.
Intermediate Results After a Modified Yasui Procedure With the
Lecompte Maneuver. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2007; 84 (1):
284-6.
- Jegatheeswaran A., Pizarro C., Caldarone C.A., Cohen M.S.,
Baffa J.M., Gremmels D.B., Mertens L . , Morell V.O. et al.
Echocardiographic Definition and Surgical Decision-Making in
Unbalanced Atrioventricular Septal Defect. Circulation. 2010;
122 (11 Suppl.): S209-15.
- Cohen M.S., Jegatheeswaran A., Baffa J.M., Gremmels D.B.,
Overman D.M., Caldarone C.A., McCrindle B.W., Mertens L.
Echocardiographic features defining right dominant unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect. Circ. Cardiovasc.
Imaging. 2013; 6 (4): 508-13.
- Grosse-Wortmann L . , Yun T.J., Al-Radi O., Kim S., Nii M.,
Lee K.J., Redington A., Yoo S.J., van Arsdell G. Borderline
hypoplasia of the left ventricle in neonates: insights for decision-making from functional assessment with magnetic resonance imaging. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2008; 136:
1429-36.
- Alfakih K., Reid S., Jones T., Sivananthan M. Assessment of
ventricular function and mass by cardiac magnetic resonance
imaging. Eur. Radiol. 2004; 14: 1813-22.
- Morell V.O., Quintessenza J.A., Jacobs J.P. Biventricular
repair in the management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Cardiol. Young. 2004; 14 (Suppl. 1): 101-4.
- Kirklin J.W., Barratt-Boyes B.G. et al. Anatomy, dimensions,
and terminology. Cardiac surgery. 2nd edition New York:
Churchill Livingstone; 1993: 3-60.
- Daubeney P.E., Blackstone E.H., Weintraub R.G., Slavik Z.,
Scanlon J., WebberS.A. Relationship of the dimension of cardiac
structures to body size: an echocardiographic study in
normal infants and children. Cardiol. Young. 1999; 9: 402-10.
- Pettersen M.D., Du W., Skeens M.E., Humes R.A. Regression
equations for calculation of Z-score of cardiac structures in a
large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an
echocardiographic study. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2008;
21: 922-34.
- Nakano T., Kado H., Tatewaki H. et al. The Yasui operation for
patients with adequate-sized ventricles and ventricular septal
defect associated with obstructions of the aortic arch and left
ventricular outflow tract. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2014; 45
(5): 166-72.
- Gruber P.J., Fuller S., Cleaver K.M., Abdullah I., GruberS.B.,
Nicolson S.C. et al. Early results of single-stage biventricular
repair of severe aortic hypoplasia or atresia with ventricular
septal defect and normal left ventricle. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc.
Surg. 2006; 132: 260-3.
- SchwartzM.L., Gauvreau K., Geva T. Predictors of outcome of
biventricular repair in infants with multiple left heart obstructive lesions. Circulation. 2001; 104: 682-7.
- Erez E., Tam V.K., KanterK.R., Fyfe D.A. Successful biventricular
repair after initial Norwood operation for interrupted aortic
arch with severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001; 71: 1974-7.
- Pearl J.M., Cripe L.W., ManningP.B. Biventricular repair after
Norwood palliation. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2003; 75: 132-7.
- Lacour-Gayet F., Sauer H., Ntalakoura K. et al. Ross-Konno
procedure in neonates: report of three patients. Ann. Thorac.
Surg. 2004; 77: 2223-5.
- Piccardo A., Ghez O., Gariboldi V. et al. Ross and Ross-Konno
procedures in infants, children and adolescents: a 13-year
experience. J. Heart. Valve. Dis. 2009; 18: 76-82.
- Maeda K., Rizal R.E., Lavrsen M., Malhotra S.P., Akram S.A.,
Davies R. et al. Midterm results of modified Ross/Konno procedure in neonates and infants. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2012; 94:
156-63.
- Ohye R.G., Gomez C.A., Ohye B.J., Goldberg C.S., Bove E.L.
The Ross/Konno procedure in neonates and infants: intermediate-term survival and autograft function. Ann. Thorac. Surg.
2001; 72: 823-30.
- Shinkawa T., BoveE.L., Hirsch J.C., Devaney E.J., OhyeR.G.
Intermediate-term results of the Ross procedure in neonates
and infants. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2010; 89: 1827-32.
- Rhodes L.A., ColanS.D., Perry S.B., Jonas R.A., Sanders S.P.
Predictors of survival in neonates with critical aortic stenosis.
Circulation. 1991; 84: 2325-35.
- Blaufox A.D., Lai W.W., Lopez L . , Nguyen K., Griepp R.B.,
Parness I.A. Survival in neonatal biventricular repair of left
sided cardiac obstructive lesions associated with hypoplastic
left ventricle. Am. J. Cardiol. 1998; 82: 1138-40.
- Tani L.Y., Minich L.L., Pagotto L.T., Shaddy R.E.,
McGough E.C., Hawkins J.A. Left heart hypoplasia and
neonatal aortic arch obstruction: is the Rhodes left ventricular
adequacy score applicable? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
1999; 118: 81-6.
- Lofland G.K., McCrindle B.W., Williams W.G., Blackstone
E.H., Tchervenkov C.I., Sittiwangkul R., Jonas R.A. Critical
aortic stenosis in the neonate: a multi-institutional study of
management, outcomes, and risk factors. Congenital Heart
Surgeons' Society. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2001; 121:
10-27.
- Hickey E.J., Caldarone C.A., BlackstoneE.H. et al. Critical left
ventricular outflow tract obstruction: the disproportionate
impact of biventricular repair in borderline cases. J. Thorac.
Cardiovasc. Surg. 2007; 134: 1429-36; discussion
1436-7.
- Hickey E.J., Caldarone C.A., BlackstoneE.H., Williams W.G.,
Yeh T., Jr, Pizarro C. et al. Biventricular strategies for neonatal
critical aortic stenosis high mortality associated with early
reintervention. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2012; 144 (2):
409-17.
- Serraf A., Piot J.D., Bonnet N., Lacour-Gayet F., Touchot A.,
Bruniaux J., BelliE., GallettiL., Planche C. Biventricular repair
approach in ducto-dependent neonates with hypoplastic but
morphologically normal left ventricle. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
1999; 33: 827-834.
- Alboliras E.T., Mavroudis C., Pahl E., Gidding S.S.,
Backer C.L., Rocchini A.P. Left ventricular growth in selected
hypoplastic left ventricles: outcome after repair of coarctation
of aorta. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1999; 68: 549-55.
- McElhinney D.B., Lock J.E., Keane J.F., Moran A.M.,
Colan S.D. Left heart growth, function, and reintervention after
balloon aortic valvuloplasty for neonatal aortic stenosis.
Circulation. 2005; 111: 451-8.
- Brown J.W., Ruzmetov M., Vijay P. et al. Clinical outcomes
and indicators of normalization of left ventricular dimensions
after Ross procedure in children. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc.
Surg. 2001; 13 (Suppl.): 28-34.
- Han R.K., Gurofsky R.C., Lee K.J., Dipchand A.I.,
Williams W.G., Smallhorn J.F., McCrindleB.W. Outcome and
growth potential of left heart structures after neonatal intervention for aortic valve stenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007; 50
(25): 2406-14.
- Cavigelli-Brunner A., Bauersfeld U., Pretre R. et al. Outcome
of biventricular repair in infants with multiple left heart obstructive lesions. Pediatr. Cardiol. 2012; 33: 506-12.
- Ballard G., Tibby S., Miller O. et al. Growth of left heart structures following the hybrid procedure for borderline hypoplastic
left heart. Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 2010; 11 (10): 870-4.
- Brown S.C., Boshoff D., Eyskens B., Gewillig M. Hybrid
approach as bridge to biventricular repair in a neonate with
critical aortic stenosis and borderline left ventricle. Eur. J.
Cardiothorac. Surg. 2009; 35 (6): 1080-2.
- Minich L.L., Tani L.Y., Hawkins J.A., Shaddy R.E. Possibility
of postnatal left ventricular growth in selected infants with nonapex-
forming left ventricles. Am. Heart J. 1997; 133: 570-4.
- Corno A.F. Borderline left ventricle. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.
2005; 27 (1): 67-73.
- Бокерия Л.А., Подзолков В.П., Барышникова И.Ю., Симогаева Е.Б., Беришвили Д.О. Двухжелудочковая реконструкция
после гибридного 1 этапа при обструктивных поражениях
левого сердца. Детские болезни сердца и сосудов.
2013; 4: 32-6 / Bockeria L.A., Podzolkov V.P.,
Baryshnikova I.Yu., Simogaeva E.B., Berishvili D.O.
Biventricular repair after hybrid palliation in case of left heart
obstructive disease. Detskie bolezni serdtsa i sosudov. 2013;
4: 32-6 (in Russian).
- Freund J.E., den Dekker M.H., Blank A.C., Haas F.,
FreundM.W. Midterm follow-up after biventricular repair of the
hypoplastic left heart complex. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2015; 99
(6): 2150-6.
- Serraf A., Zoghbi J., Belli E., Lacour-Gayet F., Aznag H.,
Houyel L . , Lambert V., Piot D., Planche C. Congenital Mitral
Stenosis With or Without Associated Defects: An Evolving
Surgical Strategy. Circulation. 2000; 102 (19 Suppl. 3):
111166-71.
- Avitabile C.M., Mercer-Rosa L . , Ravishankar C., Rome J.J.,
Gaynor J.W., Spray T.L., Cohen M.S. Experience with biventricular
intervention for neonates with mitral valve abnormalities in the setting of critical left-side heart obstruction. Ann.
Thorac. Surg. 2015; 99 (3): 877-83.
- Seguela P.E., Houyel L . , Acar P. Congenital malformations of
the mitral valve. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2011; 104: 465-79.
- Brown J.W., Ruzmetov M., Vijay P. et al. Operative results and
outcomes in children with Shone's anomaly. Ann. Thorac.
Surg. 2005; 79: 1358-65.